36 research outputs found

    Phase and antigenic variation in mycoplasmas

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    With their reduced genome bound by a single membrane, bacteria of the Mycoplasma species represent some of the simplest autonomous life forms. Yet, these minute prokaryotes are able to establish persistent infection in a wide range of hosts, even in the presence of a specific immune response. Clues to their success in host adaptation and survival reside, in part, in a number of gene families that are affected by frequent, stochastic genotypic hanges. These genetic events alter the expression, the size and the antigenic structure of abundant surface proteins, thereby creating highly versatile and dynamic surfaces within a clonal population. This phenomenon provides these wall-less pathogens with a means to escape the host immune response and to modulate surface accessibility by masking and unmasking stably expressed components that are essential in host interaction and survival

    Etude de la diversité génétique de Mycoplasma agalactiae : plasticité des génomes, mobilome et dynamique de surface

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    Mycoplasma agalactiae est responsable de l'agalactie contagieuse, maladie des petits ruminants difficilement contrĂŽlĂ©e et figurant sur la liste de l’OIE. Afin d’évaluer la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique de ce pathogĂšne, 101 isolats ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s par trois techniques (VNTR, RFLP, rĂ©pertoire vpma). Les rĂ©sultats rĂ©vĂšlent une grande homogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique dont la souche type PG2 est reprĂ©sentative. Quelques isolats font exception telle la souche 5632 que nous avons sĂ©quencĂ©e et analysĂ©e ici. La comparaison des gĂ©nomes et des protĂ©omes entre 5632 et PG2 indiquent que la plasticitĂ© de ces gĂ©nomes est liĂ©e Ă  d’importants Ă©changes d'ADN et Ă  la prĂ©sence de nombreux Ă©lĂ©ments gĂ©nĂ©tiques mobiles (10% du gĂ©nome). Ces analyses rĂ©vĂšlent Ă©galement une forte dynamique au sein de rĂ©pertoires de gĂšnes codant des protĂ©ines de surfaces. Pour les mycoplasmes, bactĂ©ries minimales dĂ©pourvues de paroi, ces Ă©vĂšnements ont certainement jouĂ©s un rĂŽle dans leur survie et leur adaptation Ă  des hĂŽtes complexes. ABSTRACT : Mycoplasma agalactiae is responsible of contagious agalactia, a disease of small ruminants that is still difficult to control and is listed by the OIE. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of this pathogen, 101 isolates were compared using three techniques (VNTR, RFLP, vpma repertoire). Results revealed a high genetic homogeneity with the PG2 type strain as representative. Some isolates however diverged such as the 5632 which was sequenced and analysed here. Whole comparative genomic and proteomic analyses of the 5632 and PG2 strains indicate that their genomic plasticity resides in important genes flux and in the presence of several mobile genetic elements (10% of the genome). These analyses also revealed that specific loci encoding repertoire of surface proteins are highly dynamic. For these minimal bacteria that lack a cell-wall, these events have most likely played a major role in their survival and adaptation to complex hosts

    Recherche de marqueurs génétiques de souches de Mycobactérium turberculosis multirésistantes aux antibiotiques en République Centrafricaine

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    La tuberculose humaine demeure un problĂšme mondial de santĂ© publique aggravĂ© par l'Ă©mergence de souches rĂ©sistantes aux antibiotiques. Outre une synthĂšse des connaissances bactĂ©riologiques, Ă©pidĂ©miologiques et molĂ©culaires sur Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ce travail prĂ©sente des donnĂ©es expĂ©rimentales sur la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique d'isolats de RĂ©publique Centrafricaine afin d'identifier d'Ă©ventuels marqueurs de la multirĂ©sistance aux antibiotiques (MDR). Le sĂ©quençage de gĂȘnes anti-mutateurs potentiels a permis d'observer un polymorphisme pour 80 % des isolats MDR Ă©tudiĂ©s. La parentĂ© phylogĂ©nĂ©tique de ces souches a Ă©tĂ© confirmĂ©e par spoligotypage. Trente pourcent des isolats MDR sont caractĂ©risĂ©s par une mutation silencieuse dans mutT1. D'autre part, une mutation non sens dans alkA est observĂ©e chez 5 souches. Egalement prĂ©sente chez M. bovis, celle-ci pourrait tĂ©moigner d'une Ă©volution convergente ou d'un transfert gĂ©nĂ©tique horizontal

    Mycoplasma agalactiae ST35: a new sequence type with a minimal accessory genome primarily affecting goats

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    Background: Mycoplasma agalactiae, causing agent of contagious agalactia, infects domestic small ruminants such as sheep and goats but also wild Caprinae. M. agalactiae is highly contagious and transmitted through oral, respiratory, and mammary routes spreading rapidly in an infected herd. Results: In an outbreak of contagious agalactia in a mixed herd of sheep and goats, 80% of the goats were affected displaying swollen udders and loss of milk production but no other symptom such as kerato-conjunctivitis, arthritis or pulmonary distress commonly associated to contagious agalactia. Surprisingly, none of the sheep grazing on a common pasture and belonging to the same farm as the goats were affected. Whole genome sequencing and analysis of M. agalactiae strain GrTh01 isolated from the outbreak, revealed a previously unknown sequence type, ST35, and a particularly small, genome size of 841â€Č635 bp when compared to others available in public databases. Overall, GrTh01 displayed a reduced accessory genome, with repertoires of gene families encoding variable surface proteins involved in host-adhesion and variable antigenicity being scaled down. GrTh01 was also deprived of Integrative Conjugative Element or prophage, and had a single IS element, suggesting that GrTh01 has a limited capacity to adapt and evolve. Conclusions: The lack of most of the variable antigens and the Integrative Conjugative Element, both major virulence- and host specificity factors of a M. agalactiae strain isolated from an outbreak affecting particularly goats, indicates the implication of these factors in host specificity. Whole genome sequencing and full assembly of bacterial pathogens provides a most valuable tool for epidemiological and virulence studies of M. agalactiae without experimental infections. Keywords: Mycoplasma agalactiae, Sequence type 35, Goats, Full genome, Contagious agalacti

    Mycoplasma bovis in Spanish Cattle Herds: Two Groups of Multiresistant Isolates Predominate, with One Remaining Susceptible to Fluoroquinolones

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    © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).This document is the Accepted version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Pathogens. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070545Mycoplasma bovis is an important bovine pathogen causing pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis and is responsible for major economic losses worldwide. In the absence of an efficient vaccine, control of M. bovis infections mainly relies on antimicrobial treatments, but resistance is reported in an increasing number of countries. To address the situation in Spain, M. bovis was searched in 436 samples collected from beef and dairy cattle (2016–2019) and 28% were positive. Single-locus typing using polC sequences further revealed that two subtypes ST2 and ST3, circulate in Spain both in beef and dairy cattle, regardless of the regions or the clinical signs. Monitoring of ST2 and ST3 isolates minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to a panel of antimicrobials revealed one major difference when using fluoroquinolones (FQL): ST2 is more susceptible than ST3. Accordingly, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) further identified mutations in the gyrA and parC regions, encoding quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) only in ST3 isolates. This situation shows the capacity of ST3 to accumulate mutations in QRDR and might reflect the selective pressure imposed by the extensive use of these antimicrobials. MIC values and detection of mutations by WGS also showed that most Spanish isolates are resistant to macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines. Valnemulin was the only one effective, at least in vitro, against both STs

    Study of Mycoplasma agalactiae genetic diversity : genomic plasticity, mobilome and dynamic of surface components

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    Mycoplasma agalactiae est responsable de l'agalactie contagieuse, maladie des petits ruminants difficilement contrĂŽlĂ©e et figurant sur la liste de l’OIE. Afin d’évaluer la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique de ce pathogĂšne, 101 isolats ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s par trois techniques (VNTR, RFLP, rĂ©pertoire vpma). Les rĂ©sultats rĂ©vĂšlent une grande homogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique dont la souche type PG2 est reprĂ©sentative. Quelques isolats font exception telle la souche 5632 que nous avons sĂ©quencĂ©e et analysĂ©e ici. La comparaison des gĂ©nomes et des protĂ©omes entre 5632 et PG2 indiquent que la plasticitĂ© de ces gĂ©nomes est liĂ©e Ă  d’importants Ă©changes d'ADN et Ă  la prĂ©sence de nombreux Ă©lĂ©ments gĂ©nĂ©tiques mobiles (10% du gĂ©nome). Ces analyses rĂ©vĂšlent Ă©galement une forte dynamique au sein de rĂ©pertoires de gĂšnes codant des protĂ©ines de surfaces. Pour les mycoplasmes, bactĂ©ries minimales dĂ©pourvues de paroi, ces Ă©vĂšnements ont certainement jouĂ©s un rĂŽle dans leur survie et leur adaptation Ă  des hĂŽtes complexes.Mycoplasma agalactiae is responsible of contagious agalactia, a disease of small ruminants that is still difficult to control and is listed by the OIE. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of this pathogen, 101 isolates were compared using three techniques (VNTR, RFLP, vpma repertoire). Results revealed a high genetic homogeneity with the PG2 type strain as representative. Some isolates however diverged such as the 5632 which was sequenced and analysed here. Whole comparative genomic and proteomic analyses of the 5632 and PG2 strains indicate that their genomic plasticity resides in important genes flux and in the presence of several mobile genetic elements (10% of the genome). These analyses also revealed that specific loci encoding repertoire of surface proteins are highly dynamic. For these minimal bacteria that lack a cell-wall, these events have most likely played a major role in their survival and adaptation to complex hosts

    Étude de la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique de Mycoplasma agalactiae (plasticitĂ© des gĂ©nomes, mobilome et dynamique de surface)

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    Mycoplasma agalactiae est responsable de l'agalactie contagieuse, maladie des petits ruminants difficilement contrÎlée et figurant sur la liste de l OIE. Afin d évaluer la diversité génétique de ce pathogÚne, 101 isolats ont été comparés par trois techniques (VNTR, RFLP, répertoire vpma). Les résultats révÚlent une grande homogénéité génétique dont la souche type PG2 est représentative. Quelques isolats font exception telle la souche 5632 que nous avons séquencée et analysée ici. La comparaison des génomes et des protéomes entre 5632 et PG2 indiquent que la plasticité de ces génomes est liée à d importants échanges d'ADN et à la présence de nombreux éléments génétiques mobiles (10% du génome). Ces analyses révÚlent également une forte dynamique au sein de répertoires de gÚnes codant des protéines de surfaces. Pour les mycoplasmes, bactéries minimales dépourvues de paroi, ces évÚnements ont certainement joués un rÎle dans leur survie et leur adaptation à des hÎtes complexes.Mycoplasma agalactiae is responsible of contagious agalactia, a disease of small ruminants that is still difficult to control and is listed by the OIE. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of this pathogen, 101 isolates were compared using three techniques (VNTR, RFLP, vpma repertoire). Results revealed a high genetic homogeneity with the PG2 type strain as representative. Some isolates however diverged such as the 5632 which was sequenced and analysed here. Whole comparative genomic and proteomic analyses of the 5632 and PG2 strains indicate that their genomic plasticity resides in important genes flux and in the presence of several mobile genetic elements (10% of the genome). These analyses also revealed that specific loci encoding repertoire of surface proteins are highly dynamic. For these minimal bacteria that lack a cell-wall, these events have most likely played a major role in their survival and adaptation to complex hosts.TOULOUSE-INP (315552154) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Comparaison de deux techniques d'anesthésie locorégionale chez la brebis à l'aide d'un filament de von Frey électronique

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    Dans de nombreuses situations, les techniques d'anesthĂ©sie locorĂ©gionale offrent au clinicien des solutions pour une meilleure gestion de l'analgĂ©sie. AprĂšs une prĂ©sentation des molĂ©cules utilisables en pratique, les mĂ©thodes d Ă©valuation de la douleur et les stimuli nociceptifs disponibles en mĂ©decine vĂ©tĂ©rinaire sont abordĂ©s. Puis, la rĂ©alisation d une Ă©tude comparative de deux techniques d anesthĂ©sie locorĂ©gionale du flanc chez la brebis : paravertĂ©brale et L inversĂ© , met en Ă©vidence un rĂ©el intĂ©rĂȘt de l utilisation d un filament de von Frey Ă©lectronique dans l optique de bonnes pratiques anesthĂ©siques. Cette Ă©tude rĂ©vĂšle aussi des diffĂ©rences importantes entre les techniques : dĂ©lai d apparition de l analgĂ©sie, surface et durĂ©e d anesthĂ©sie... Ce travail permet d Ă©tablir des valeurs-seuils ; il constitue un prĂ©liminaire nĂ©cessaire Ă  l utilisation du filament de von Frey Ă©lectronique lors d anesthĂ©sie du flanc des petits ruminants et sera la base d Ă©tudes futures.TOULOUSE-EN VĂ©tĂ©rinaire (315552301) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Recherche de marqueurs génétiques de souches de Mycobacterium tuberculosis multirésistantes aux antibiotiques en République centrafricaine

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    La tuberculose humaine demeure un problĂšme mondial de santĂ© publique aggravĂ© par l'Ă©mergence de souches rĂ©sistantes aux antibiotiques. Outre une synthĂšse des connaissances bactĂ©riologiques, Ă©pidĂ©miologiques et molĂ©culaires sur Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ce travail prĂ©sente des donnĂ©es expĂ©rimentales sur la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique d'isolats de RĂ©publique Centrafricaine afin d'identifier d'Ă©ventuels marqueurs de la multirĂ©sistance aux antibiotiques (MDR). Le sĂ©quençage de gĂȘnes anti-mutateurs potentiels a permis d'observer un polymorphisme pour 80 % des isolats MDR Ă©tudiĂ©s. La parentĂ© phylogĂ©nĂ©tique de ces souches a Ă©tĂ© confirmĂ©e par spoligotypage. Trente pourcent des isolats MDR sont caractĂ©risĂ©s par une mutation silencieuse dans mutT1. D'autre part, une mutation non sens dans alkA est observĂ©e chez 5 souches. Egalement prĂ©sente chez M. bovis, celle-ci pourrait tĂ©moigner d'une Ă©volution convergente ou d'un transfert gĂ©nĂ©tique horizontal.TOULOUSE3-BU SantĂ©-Centrale (315552105) / SudocTOULOUSE-EN VĂ©tĂ©rinaire (315552301) / SudocSudocFranceF
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